The present study was part of the research project Inhalation and prenatal exposure to phthalates: influence on airway immunology, conducted at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, and was funded by the Norwegian research council (Research grant number: 228129).

HEMA reduced GSH levels and decreased IL-1β release from LPS-stimulated macrophages. The role of GSH in the regulation of IL-1β release was explored. GSH depletion alone could not explain the attenuation of LPS-induced IL-1β release. Electrophile reactivity toward other cellular molecules is a new working hypothesis